/* file: sampen.c Doug Lake 2 August 2002
Last revised: 1 November 2004 (by george@mit.edu) 1.2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sampen: calculate Sample Entropy
Copyright (C) 2002-2004 Doug Lake
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple
Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. You may also view the agreement
at http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.html.
You may contact the author via electronic mail (dlake@virginia.edu). For
updates to this software, please visit PhysioNet (http://www.physionet.org/).
_______________________________________________________________________________
Revision history:
1.0 (2 August 2002, Doug Lake) Original version
1.1 (6 January 2004, George Moody) Removed limits on input series length
1.2 (1 November 2004, George Moody) Merged bug fixes from DL (normalize
by standard deviation, detect and
avoid divide by zero); changed code to
use double precision, to avoid loss of
precision for small m and large N
Compile this program using any standard C compiler, linking with the standard C
math library. For example, if your compiler is gcc, use:
gcc -o sampen -O sampen.c -lm
For brief instructions, use the '-h' option:
sampen -h
Additional information is available at:
http://www.physionet.org/physiotools/sampen/.
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
double *readdata(char *filenm, int *filelen);
void sampen(double *y, int mm, double r, int n);
void sampen2(double *y, int mm, double r, int n);
void normalize(double *data, int n);
void help(void);
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
double *data = NULL;
double r = .2;
int n, mm = 2;
char *filenm = NULL;
int nflag = 0;
int vflag = 0;
int i;
/* Read input and optional arguments. */
for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
if (argv[i][0] == '-') {
switch (argv[i][1]) {
case 'h':
help();
exit(0);
break;
case 'r':
if (argv[i][2] != '\0') {
fprintf(stderr, "sampen: Unrecognized option '%s'\n",
argv[i]);
help();
exit(1);
}
if (i + 1 < argc) {
i++;
r = atof(argv[i]);
break;
}
fprintf(stderr,
"sampen: No value specified for option '-r'\n");
help();
exit(1);
break;
case 'm':
if (argv[i][2] != '\0') {
fprintf(stderr, "sampen: Unrecognized option '%s'\n",
argv[i]);
help();
exit(1);
}
if (i + 1 < argc) {
i++;
mm = atoi(argv[i]);
break;
}
fprintf(stderr,
"sampen: No value specified for option '-m'\n");
help();
exit(1);
break;
case 'n':
if (argv[i][2] != '\0') {
fprintf(stderr, "sampen: Unrecognized option '%s'\n",
argv[i]);
help();
exit(1);
}
nflag = 1;
break;
case 'v':
if (argv[i][2] != '\0') {
fprintf(stderr, "sampen: Unrecognized option '%s'\n",
argv[i]);
help();
exit(1);
}
vflag = 1;
break;
default:
fprintf(stderr, "sampen: Unrecognized option '%s'\n",
argv[i]);
help();
exit(1);
}
}
else {
if (!filenm)
filenm = argv[i];
else {
fprintf(stderr, "sampen: Too many inputs\n");
exit(1);
}
}
}
if (!filenm)
filenm = "-"; /* use the standard input if no input file specified */
data = readdata(filenm, &n);
if (mm > n / 2) {
fprintf(stderr,
"sampen: m too large for time series of length %d\n", n);
exit(1);
}
if (nflag)
normalize(data, n);
if (vflag)
sampen2(data, mm, r, n);
else
sampen(data, mm, r, n);
free(data);
return 0;
}
double *readdata(char *filenm, int *filelen)
{
FILE *ifile;
long maxdat = 0L, npts = 0L;
double *data = NULL, y, yp = 0.0;
if (strcmp(filenm, "-") == 0) {
filenm = "standard input";
ifile = stdin;
}
else if ((ifile = fopen(filenm, "rt")) == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "sampen: Could not open %s \n", filenm);
exit(1);
}
while (fscanf(ifile, "%lf", &y) == 1) {
if (++npts >= maxdat) {
double *s;
maxdat += 5000; /* allow the input buffer to grow (the
increment is arbitrary) */
if ((s = realloc(data, maxdat * sizeof(double))) == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr,
"sampen: insufficient memory, truncating input at row %d\n",
npts);
break;
}
data = s;
}
data[npts - 1] = y;
}
fclose(ifile);
if (npts < 1) {
fprintf(stderr, "sampen: %s contains no data\n", filenm);
help();
exit(1);
}
*filelen = npts;
return (data);
}
/* This function subtracts the mean from data, then divides the data by their
standard deviation. */
void normalize(double *data, int n)
{
int i;
double mean = 0;
double var = 0;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
mean += data[i];
mean = mean / n;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
data[i] = data[i] - mean;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
var += data[i] * data[i];
var = sqrt(var / n);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
data[i] = data[i] / var;
}
/* sampen2 calculates an estimate of sample entropy and the variance of the
estimate. */
void sampen2(double *y, int mm, double r, int n)
{
double *p = NULL;
double *v1 = NULL, *v2 = NULL, *s1 = NULL, dv;
int *R1 = NULL, *R2 = NULL, *F2 = NULL, *F1 = NULL, *F = NULL, FF;
int *run = NULL, *run1 = NULL;
double *A = NULL, *B = NULL;
double *K = NULL, *n1 = NULL, *n2 = NULL;
int MM;
int m, m1, i, j, nj, jj, d, d2, i1, i2, dd;
int nm1, nm2, nm3, nm4;
double y1;
mm++;
MM = 2 * mm;
if ((run = (int *) calloc(n, sizeof(int))) == NULL)
exit(1);
if ((run1 = (int *) calloc(n, sizeof(int))) == NULL)
exit(1);
if ((R1 = (int *) calloc(n * MM, sizeof(int))) == NULL)
exit(1);
if ((R2 = (int *) calloc(n * MM, sizeof(int))) == NULL)
exit(1);
if ((F = (int *) calloc(n * MM, sizeof(int))) == NULL)
exit(1);
if ((F1 = (int *) calloc(n * mm, sizeof(int))) == NULL)
exit(1);
if ((F2 = (int *) calloc(n * mm, sizeof(int))) == NULL)
exit(1);
if ((K = (double *) calloc((mm + 1) * mm, sizeof(double))) == NULL)
exit(1);
if ((A = (double *) calloc(mm, sizeof(double))) == NULL)
exit(1);
if ((B = (double *) calloc(mm, sizeof(double))) == NULL)
exit(1);
if ((p = (double *) calloc(mm, sizeof(double))) == NULL)
exit(1);
if ((v1 = (double *) calloc(mm, sizeof(double))) == NULL)
exit(1);
if ((v2 = (double *) calloc(mm, sizeof(double))) == NULL)
exit(1);
if ((s1 = (double *) calloc(mm, sizeof(double))) == NULL)
exit(1);
if ((n1 = (double *) calloc(mm, sizeof(double))) == NULL)
exit(1);
if ((n2 = (double *) calloc(mm, sizeof(double))) == NULL)
exit(1);
for (i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
nj = n - i - 1;
y1 = y[i];
for (jj = 0; jj < nj; jj++) {
j = jj + i + 1;
if (((y[j] - y1) < r) && ((y1 - y[j]) < r)) {
run[jj] = run1[jj] + 1;
m1 = (mm < run[jj]) ? mm : run[jj];
for (m = 0; m < m1; m++) {
A[m]++;
if (j < n - 1)
B[m]++;
F1[i + m * n]++;
F[i + n * m]++;
F[j + n * m]++;
}
}
else
run[jj] = 0;
} /* for jj */
for (j = 0; j < MM; j++) {
run1[j] = run[j];
R1[i + n * j] = run[j];
}
if (nj > MM - 1)
for (j = MM; j < nj; j++)
run1[j] = run[j];
} /* for i */
for (i = 1; i < MM; i++)
for (j = 0; j < i - 1; j++)
R2[i + n * j] = R1[i - j - 1 + n * j];
for (i = MM; i < n; i++)
for (j = 0; j < MM; j++)
R2[i + n * j] = R1[i - j - 1 + n * j];
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
for (m = 0; m < mm; m++) {
FF = F[i + n * m];
F2[i + n * m] = FF - F1[i + n * m];
K[(mm + 1) * m] += FF * (FF - 1);
}
for (m = mm - 1; m > 0; m--)
B[m] = B[m - 1];
B[0] = (double) n *(n - 1) / 2;
for (m = 0; m < mm; m++) {
p[m] = (double) A[m] / B[m];
v2[m] = p[m] * (1 - p[m]) / B[m];
}
dd = 1;
for (m = 0; m < mm; m++) {
d2 = m + 1 < mm - 1 ? m + 1 : mm - 1;
for (d = 0; d < d2 + 1; d++) {
for (i1 = d + 1; i1 < n; i1++) {
i2 = i1 - d - 1;
nm1 = F1[i1 + n * m];
nm3 = F1[i2 + n * m];
nm2 = F2[i1 + n * m];
nm4 = F2[i2 + n * m];
for (j = 0; j < (dd - 1); j++) {
if (R1[i1 + n * j] >= m + 1)
nm1--;
if (R2[i1 + n * j] >= m + 1)
nm4--;
}
for (j = 0; j < 2 * (d + 1); j++)
if (R2[i1 + n * j] >= m + 1)
nm2--;
for (j = 0; j < (2 * d + 1); j++)
if (R1[i2 + n * j] >= m + 1)
nm3--;
K[d + 1 + (mm + 1) * m] +=
(double) 2 *(nm1 + nm2) * (nm3 + nm4);
}
}
}
n1[0] = (double) n *(n - 1) * (n - 2);
for (m = 0; m < mm - 1; m++)
for (j = 0; j < m + 2; j++)
n1[m + 1] += K[j + (mm + 1) * m];
for (m = 0; m < mm; m++) {
for (j = 0; j < m + 1; j++)
n2[m] += K[j + (mm + 1) * m];
}
for (m = 0; m < mm; m++) {
v1[m] = v2[m];
dv = (n2[m] - n1[m] * p[m] * p[m]) / (B[m] * B[m]);
if (dv > 0)
v1[m] += dv;
s1[m] = (double) sqrt((double) (v1[m]));
}
for (m = 0; m < mm; m++) {
if (p[m] == 0)
printf("No matches! SampEn((%d,%g,%d) = Inf"
" (standard deviation = Inf)!\n", m, r, n);
else
printf("SampEn(%d,%g,%d) = %lf (standard deviation = %lf)\n",
m, r, n, -log(p[m]), s1[m]);
}
free(A);
free(B);
free(p);
free(run);
free(run1);
free(s1);
free(K);
free(n1);
free(R1);
free(R2);
free(v1);
free(v2);
free(F);
free(F1);
free(F2);
}
/* sampen() calculates an estimate of sample entropy but does NOT calculate
the variance of the estimate */
void sampen(double *y, int M, double r, int n)
{
double *p = NULL;
double *e = NULL;
long *run = NULL, *lastrun = NULL, N;
double *A = NULL, *B = NULL;
int M1, j, nj, jj, m;
int i;
double y1;
M++;
if ((run = (long *) calloc(n, sizeof(long))) == NULL)
exit(1);
if ((lastrun = (long *) calloc(n, sizeof(long))) == NULL)
exit(1);
if ((A = (double *) calloc(M, sizeof(double))) == NULL)
exit(1);
if ((B = (double *) calloc(M, sizeof(double))) == NULL)
exit(1);
if ((p = (double *) calloc(M, sizeof(double))) == NULL)
exit(1);
/* start running */
for (i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
nj = n - i - 1;
y1 = y[i];
for (jj = 0; jj < nj; jj++) {
j = jj + i + 1;
if (((y[j] - y1) < r) && ((y1 - y[j]) < r)) {
run[jj] = lastrun[jj] + 1;
M1 = M < run[jj] ? M : run[jj];
for (m = 0; m < M1; m++) {
A[m]++;
if (j < n - 1)
B[m]++;
}
}
else
run[jj] = 0;
} /* for jj */
for (j = 0; j < nj; j++)
lastrun[j] = run[j];
} /* for i */
N = (long) (n * (n - 1) / 2);
p[0] = A[0] / N;
printf("SampEn(0,%g,%d) = %lf\n", r, n, -log(p[0]));
for (m = 1; m < M; m++) {
p[m] = A[m] / B[m - 1];
if (p[m] == 0)
printf("No matches! SampEn((%d,%g,%d) = Inf!\n", m, r, n);
else
printf("SampEn(%d,%g,%d) = %lf\n", m, r, n, -log(p[m]));
}
free(A);
free(B);
free(p);
free(run);
free(lastrun);
}
static char *help_strings[] = {
"usage: %s [OPTIONS ...] [TEXT-FILE]\n",
"where OPTIONS may include:",
" -h print this usage summary",
" -m M set the maximum epoch length to M (default: 2)",
" -n normalize such that the mean of the input is 0 and the sample",
" variance is 1",
" -r R set the tolerance to R (default: 0.2)",
" -v output an estimate of the standard deviation of each SampEn",
"TEXT-FILE should contain the time series (a column of decimal numbers);",
"if omitted, sampen reads its standard input. The output contains values of",
"SampEn(m,r,N) where m is the epoch length, r is the tolerance, and N is the",
"length of the input series.",
NULL
};
void help()
{
int i;
(void) fprintf(stderr, help_strings[0], "sampen");
for (i = 1; help_strings[i] != NULL; i++)
(void) fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", help_strings[i]);
}